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Der Grundgedanke dieser Einführung in die Methode der Finiten Elemente wird von dem Konzept getragen, die komplexe Methode nur anhand eindimensionaler Elemente zu erläutern. Somit bleibt die mathematische Beschreibung weitgehend einfach und überschaubar. Das Augenmerk liegt in jedem Kapitel auf der Erläuterung der Methode und deren Verständnis selbst. Der Leser lernt die Annahmen und Ableitungen bei verschiedenen physikalischen Problemstellungen in der Strukturmechanik zu verstehen und Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Methode der Finiten Elemente kritisch zu beurteilen.
Die Beschränkung auf eindimensionale Elemente ermöglicht somit das methodische Verständnis wichtiger Themenbereiche (z.B. Plastizität oder Verbundwerkstoffe), die einem angehenden Berechnungsingenieur in der Berufspraxis begegnen, jedoch in dieser Form nur selten an Hochschulen behandelt werden. Somit ist ein einfacher Einstieg – auch in weiterführende Anwendungsgebiete – durch das Konzept (a) Einführung in die Grundlagen (b) exakte Ableitung bei Beschränkung auf eindimensionale Elemente (und in vielen Fällen auch auf eindimensionale Probleme) (c) Umfangreiche Beispiele und weiterführende Aufgaben (mit Kurzlösung im Anhang) gewährleistet.
Zur Veranschaulichung wird jedes Kapitel sowohl mit ausführlich durchgerechneten und kommentierten Beispielen als auch mit weiterführenden Aufgaben inklusive Kurzlösungen vertieft.
This Encyclopedia covers the entire science of continuum mechanics including the mechanics of materials and fluids. The encyclopedia comprises mathematical definitions for continuum mechanical modeling, fundamental physical concepts, mechanical modeling methodology, numerical approaches and many fundamental applications. The modelling and analytical techniques are powerful tools in mechanical civil and areospsace engineering, plus in related fields of plasticity, viscoelasticity and rheology. Tensor-based and reference-frame-independent, continuum mechanics has recently found applications in geophysics and materials.
This book offers an update on recent developments in modern engineering design. Different engineering disciplines, such as mechanical, materials, computer and process engineering, provide the foundation for the design and development of improved structures, materials and processes. The modern design cycle is characterized by the interaction between various disciplines and a strong shift to computer-based approaches where only a few experiments are conducted for verification purposes. A major driver for this development is the increased demand for cost reduction, which is also linked to environmental demands. In the transportation industry (e.g. automotive or aerospace), the demand for higher fuel efficiency is related to reduced operational costs and less environmental damage. One way to fulfil such requirements is lighter structures and/or improved processes for energy conversion. Another emerging area is the interaction of classical engineering with the health and medical sector.
This book provides an update on recent advances in various areas of modern engineering design, such as mechanical, materials, computer, and process engineering, which provide the foundation for the development of improved structures, materials, and processes. The modern design cycle is characterized by the interaction of different disciplines and a strong shift toward computer-based approaches involving only a small number of experiments for verification purposes. A major driver for this development is the increased demand for cost reduction, which is also connected to environmental demands. In the transportation industry (e.g. automotive or aerospace), where there is a demand for greater fuel efficiency, one solution is lighter structures and/or improved processes for energy conversion. Another emerging area is the interaction of classical engineering with the health and medical sector.
For an efficient operation of a low voltage PMSM an optimized voltage usage is very important. Because of the relation between the low voltage and the high currents in this type of machine, a large voltage reserve is needed to compensate the influence of parameter mismatches and to guarantee a stable current control. As the power is limited by the low voltage in this type of hybrid drive systems, optimizing the voltage usage is also required to maximize the power and the torque availability. This paper describes a closed loop flux control to maximize the voltage usage. The controller feedback is used to estimate and maximize the available torque for each operating point.
Europäische Sozialpolitik
(2020)
In this presentation the actual state of the ongoing investigations of spray painting processes are summarized. Already at the end of the last century, first experimental and numerical work was done aiming to estimate the film thickness distribution and the transfer efficiency of spray painting processes of complex workpieces. First successful numerical simulations basically used the classical Euler-Langrange approach, in case of electrostatically supported atomizers extended by the necessary models for the charging of droplets and the interaction between charged droplets and electrical fields. Measured droplet size distributions and velocities near the atomizers have been applied as inlet conditions for the simulations.
Das Interesse der Industrie an additiv gefertigten Bauteilen steigt z unehmend, wobei mit zunehmendem Verständnis der statischen Kennwerte nunmehr der Fokus in Richtung der dynamischen Festigkeiten wandert. Deswegen werden Einflussparameter auf die Lebensdauer und potenzielle Nachbearbeitungsmethoden untersucht und analysiert. Ein großer Einfluss ist dabei der Oberflächengüte und den durch Rautiefen initiierten Kerbeffekten zuzuschreiben. Deswegen werden unterschiedliche Methoden zur Verbesserung der Oberflächengüte untersucht. Dabei werden die Verfahren Laserpolieren, elektrochemisches Polieren und Hartmetallkugelstrahlen und deren Auswirkung auf Oberflächengüte sowie Härte untersucht. Für das elektrochemische Polieren werden die Proben in einer Perchlorsäure für 90 s bei 32 V und maximal 10 A poliert. Das Hartmetallkugelstrahlen wird mit einem UFS 100 Strahlmittel bei einem Druck von 4 bar und einer Strahldauer von 10 s ausgeführt. Anschließend werden Wöhlerlinien für die unterschiedlichen Zustände mittels Umlaufbiegeversuch ermittelt, welche mit Referenzwerten analysierter konventioneller Proben verglichen werden. Des Weiteren werden die Bruchflächen analysiert. Die Untersuchungen ergaben ein hohes Optimierungspotenzial der additiv gefertigten Proben bei einer Verdichtung der Oberfläche sowie einer Entfernung der Randschicht durch eine spanende Bearbeitung. Dadurch wurden höhere Zeitfestigkeiten als mit konventionell gefertigten Proben erreicht.
This paper aims to analyze the stress and strain states appearing in the elbow of a tube, such as those commonly used in a city’s water supply network. The stress field is characterized by the fact that there is a significant stress increase when compared to a straight tube. As a result, the strength of such an elbow must be investigated and guaranteed for such a network to be well designed. A practical solution used is to anchor the elbow in a massive concrete block. The paper compares the stress field that occurs in the elbow when it is free, buried in the ground, and when it is anchored in a massive concrete block. Furthermore, we investigate how a crack appears and propagates in the elbow. This happens especially for the elbow buried in the ground where the stress and strain are higher than when the elbow is anchored in concrete. The results obtained can be used in the current practice in the case of water supply networks made by high-density polyethylene pipes.
The aim of the current work was to illustrate the effect of the fibre area correction factor on the results of modelling natural fibre-reinforced composites. A mesoscopic approach is adopted to represent the stochastic heterogeneity of the composite, i.e. a meso-structural numerical model was prototyped using the finite element method including quasi-unidirectional discrete fibre elements embedded in a matrix. The model was verified by the experimental results from previous work on jute fibres but is extendable to every natural fibre with cross-sectional non-uniformity. A correction factor was suggested to fine-tune both the analytical and numerical models. Moreover, a model updating technique for considering the size-effect of fibres is introduced and its implementation was automated by means of FORTRAN subroutines and Python scripts. It was shown that correcting and updating the fibre strength is critical to obtain accurate macroscopic response of the composite when discrete modelling of fibres is intended. Based on the current study, it is found that consideration of the effect of flaws on the strength of natural fibres and inclusion of the fibre area correction factor are crucial to obtain realistic results.
Laser powder bed fusion has become one of the major techniques within metal additive manufacturing, especially when delicate structures and high geometric accuracy are concerned. Lately, the awareness of the material-specific macroscopic anisotropy has risen and led to widespread investigations on the static mechanical strength. However, little is known about the fracture behavior of the layer-wise fabricated metal components and their affinity of crack propagation between consecutive layers, which is particularly important for aluminium–silicon alloys containing embrittled zones in double-irradiated areas. A recent study indicated that there is a significant drop in fracture toughness in case the crack growth direction is parallel to the layering. To investigate this matter further and to shed light on the fracture toughness behavior in the range of a 0°–45° angle offset between the crack growth direction relative to the layering, notched samples with varying polar angles were subjected to mode I fracture toughness testing. Our results indicate that the fracture toughness is an almost-stable characteristic up to a mismatch of about 20° between the crack propagation path and the layering, at which point the fracture toughness decreases by up to 10%.
Negotiations are a relevant and highly complex business skill. Therefore, extensive training is required to become a good negotiator. Such training is offered by universities for their students and by companies for their employees. The present paper designs gamified feedback features in electronic negotiation training and evaluates their potential and their effects. Following a design science research method, feedback mechanisms in electronic negotiation training are derived from literature. An assessment regarding their relevance for e-negotiation training shows a preparation quiz, set and track goals and expert reviews to be the most useful gamified feedback mechanisms. Dedicated mock-ups implementing these feedback mechanisms are designed and evaluated in semi-structured interviews showing their capability to improve relevant negotiation skills, as well as motivation and competence of the learners. Out of the three mock-ups, the interviewees prefer the feedback mechanisms “expert review” and “set and track goals”; both mechanisms provide a competence-confirming learning experience and an autonomous learning experience.
Recently the production of electric cars is increasing worldwide. The main target is to lower the greenhouse gas emissions. Even if an electrified vehicle is locally emission-free the manufacturing of lithium ion batteries are producing significant amounts of CO2. In order to decrease the air pollution governments are considering recycling programs to extend battery life and usage of important raw materials. A new approach to recover LiNixMnyCozO2 (NMC) particles while saving the chemical and morphological properties using water was presented by Tim Sieber et al. [1]. With the presented study, we are focusing on the analysis of the effects on the Global Warming Potential (GWP) for the water based recycling process based on a reuse of NMC material in new batteries.
It is possible to reduce the ecological damage of the manufacturing process of Li-Ion battery cells even with little amounts of recovered cathode material that is used for the production of new battery cells. Based on the suggestion that 95% of the NMC cathode material can be recovered by the hydrometallurgical recovery and the reuse of 10% within the production of new batteries a reduction of the GWP by 7% ,can be identified for the cathode materials. For other impact categories such as Acidification Potential (AP), Eutrophication Potential (EP), and Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP), savings of 10%, 11%, and 8 % can be achieved respectively.
The studied water based recycling process can be quoted as environment-friendly and leads to a reduction of all impact categories by a re-use of 10% recovered NMC material. Based on this knowledge an additional recycling on substance level is recommended.
In einer dynamischen Geschäftswelt werden alle Organisationen mit kontinuierlichen Veränderungen konfrontiert. Das Streben nach Excellence ist für Organisationen ein Erfolgsfaktor, um sich im zunehmenden Verdrängungswettbewerb zu bewähren. Erfolge in allen Organisationsbereichen können nur erzielt werden, wenn Business Excellence als umfassende Ambition und als ganzheitliches, integratives Konzept von allen Akteuren und Interessengruppen einer Organisation verstanden wird. Das EFQM Modell 2020 für Business Excellence der European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) hilft Organisationen ihre Produkt- und Servicequalität zu sichern und ihre zukünftige Entwicklung zu fördern. Das Modell unterstützt die Gefahren im Ecosystem der Organisation zu erkennen und agil, effektiv und effizient damit umzugehen.
Mit dem Einsatz der Software von simcision, wird das EFQM Modell 2020 zur Nutzung in Entwicklungssimulationen abgebildet. Es beinhaltet dabei die von der European Foundation for Quality Management, EFQM, gegebenen Kriterien. Mit dem Modelleinsatz wird der aktuelle Ist-Zustand einer Organisation erfasst. Mit dem System als eine Organisation, mit dem man die jeweilige Organisationsentwicklung simulieren kann, lässt sich ermitteln, welche Maßnahmen ein positives Ergebnis bezogen auf die Excellence erbringen. Grundlage bildet eine allgemeine Version des Modells, das Template. Auf Grundlage des erstellten Template, erfolgt die Erprobung und Simulation an zwei gesonderten Modellen. Die erprobten Unternehmen sind das Industrieunternehmen Lapp Gruppe, Stuttgart und die IT-Beratungsgesellschaft iCONDU GmbH, Ingolstadt. Kennzeichnende Unterlagen zu den Organisationen befinden sich im Anhang. Ganz nach dem Systemgedanken werden die Haupt- und Teilkriterien des EFQM Modells 2020 als Systemelemente mit Beziehungen untereinander eingesetzt.
Laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF) has significantly gained in importance and has become one of the major fabrication techniques within metal additive manufacturing. The fast cooling rates achieved in LPBF due to a relatively small melt pool on a much larger component or substrate, acting as heat sink, result in fine-grained microstructures and high oversaturation of alloying elements in the α-aluminum. Al-Si-Mg alloys thus can be effectively precipitation hardened. Moreover, the solidified material undergoes an intrinsic heat treatment, whilst the layers above are irradiated and the elevated temperature in the built chamber starts the clustering process of alloying elements directly after a scan track is fabricated. These silicon-magnesium clusters were observed with atom probe tomography in as-built samples. Similar beneficial clustering behavior at higher temperatures is known from the direct-aging approach in cast samples, whereby the artificial aging is performed immediately after solution annealing and quenching. Transferring this approach to LPBF samples as a possible post-heat treatment revealed that even after direct aging, the outstanding hardness of the as-built condition could, at best, be met, but for most instances it was significantly lower. Our investigations showed that LPBF Al-Si-Mg exhibited a high dependency on the quenching rate, which is significantly more pronounced than in cast reference samples, requiring two to three times higher quenching rate after solution annealing to yield similar hardness results. This suggests that due to the finer microstructure and the shorter diffusion path in Al-Si-Mg fabricated by LPBF, it is more challenging to achieve a metastable oversaturation necessary for precipitation hardening. This may be especially problematic in larger components.
Heimat-Land
(2020)
This master thesis shows a holistic approach for the optimization of the energy management task for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. The ‘Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy’ (‘ECMS’) as a local optimal approach is implemented into an embedded controller and applied to a system simulation model in ‘GT-SUITE’, which integrates a hybrid drivetrain and the associated control structure with a thermal management model. Two modifications and one extension to the basic ‘equivalent consumption’ cost function are proposed for the favor of an unambiguous interpretation of the penalty factor term, an enhanced applicability of the ‘ECMS’ close to the battery state of charge limit and an effective applicability of the ‘EMCS’ to the thermal management task. All proposed modifications and extensions prove their applicability in the virtual test environment and recommend themselves for the utilization in further application areas, like the integration of exhaust aftertreatment system, the holistic evaluation of a fuel cell drivetrain or the holistic evaluation of a hybrid ship propulsion system.
Hot isostatic pressing can be utilized to reduce the anisotropic mechanical properties of Al–Si–Mg alloys fabricated by laser powder-bed fusion (L-PBF). The implementation of post processing densification processes can open up new fields of application by meeting high quality requirements defined by aircraft and automotive industries. A gas pressure of 75 MPa during hot isostatic pressing lowers the critical cooling rate required to achieve a supersaturated solid solution. Direct aging uses this pressure related effect during heat treatment in modern hot isostatic presses, which offer advanced cooling capabilities, thereby avoiding the necessity of a separate solution annealing step for Al–Si–Mg cast alloys. Hot isostatic pressing, followed by rapid quenching, was applied to both sand cast as well as laser powder-bed fused Al–Si–Mg aluminum alloys. It was shown that the critical cooling rate required to achieve a supersaturated solid solution is significantly higher for additively manufactured, age-hardenable aluminum alloys than it is for comparable sand cast material. The application of hot isostatic pressing can be combined with heat treatment, consisting of solution annealing, quenching and direct aging, in order to achieve both a dense material with a small number of preferred locations for the initiation of fatigue cracks and a high material strength.
Die vorliegende Ausführung beschreibt Methoden zur Ermittlung kritischer Interaktionen bei der ÖPNV-Nutzung. Mithilfe einer generischen Analyse einer typischen ÖPNV-Nutzung und einer explorativen Beobachtungsstudie an einer Bushaltestelle werden besonders kritische Interaktionen identifiziert und verifiziert.
The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of veneering technique (hand-layering vs. milling) on the fracture resistance of bi-layer implant-supported zirconia-based hybrid-abutment crowns. Mandibular molar copings were anatomically designed and milled. Copings were then veneered by hand-layering (HL) (n = 20) and milling using the Cad-On technique (LD) (n = 20). Crowns were cemented to zirconia hybrid-abutments. Ten samples of each group acted as a control while the remaining ten samples were subjected to fatigue in a chewing simulator. Crowns were loaded between 50 and 100 N for 1.2 million cycles under simultaneous temperature fluctuation between 5 and 55 °C. Crowns were then subjected to static load a to fracture test. Data were statistically analysed using the one-way ANOVA. Randomly selected crowns from each group were observed under scanning electron microscopy to view fractured surfaces. Study results indicate that during fatigue, LD crowns had a 100% survival rate; while HL crowns had a 50% failure rate. Fracture resistance of LD crowns was statistically significantly higher than that of HL crowns at the baseline and after fatigue (p ≤ 0.05). However, fatigue did not cause a statistically significant reduction in fracture resistance in both LD and HL groups (p > 0.05). Copings fractured in the LD crowns only and the fracture path was different in both LD and HL groups. According to the results, it was concluded that milled veneer implant-supported hybrid-abutment crowns exhibit significantly higher fracture resistance, and better withstand clinical masticatory loads in the posterior region compared to the hand-layered technique. Also, fatigue application and artificial aging caused no significant strength reduction in both techniques. Clinical significance: Different veneering techniques and materials (hand-layering or milling) act differently to clinical forces and environment and may be prone to early chipping during service. Therefore, practitioners are urged to consider the appropriate veneering protocol for posterior implant-supported hybrid-abutment restorations.
The growth and sustainability of a manufacturing company extensively relies on customer satisfaction regarding the quality of its products. An exemplary study on the customer quality claim management of an international manufacturing company determined that one major reason for customer dissatisfaction was the inability to prioritize the reported quality problems. Therefore, the company’s focus was set to enhancing the customer claim resolution process by overcoming the challenges in the prioritization process. Considering the various factors which influence the prioritization process, this study provides a solution by using a unique prioritization technique for the management of customer quality claims. It also focuses on the implementation of the derived solution by providing an explicit evaluation method for each of the prioritization factors.
Industrie 4.0 und Big Data
(2020)
This paper uses several techniques to monitor the ageing of commercial LiFePO4 cells, which are cycled at 55 °C and −20 °C at various depths of discharge. Ageing at lower depth of discharge leads to higher capacity fading, as compared to higher depth of discharge. The highest capacity fading is observed using 50% depth of discharge for cycling at 55 °C, while the lowest capacity fading is observed for the cells aged at 100% depth of discharge when cycled at −20 °C. Using incremental capacity analysis and differential voltage analysis the capacity fading is monitored and underlying ageing mechanisms are described. The loss of lithium inventory and the loss of active material, especially on the cathode side, are the major degradation mechanisms for the cells. The first incremental capacity analysis peak of the discharge process can be used in our case to predict remaining life and cell capacity.
The paper presents post-mortem analysis of commercial LiFePO4 battery cells, which are aged at 55 °C and − 20 °C using dynamic current profiles and different depth of discharges (DOD). Post-mortem analysis focuses on the structure of the electrodes using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the chemical composition changes using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that ageing at lower DOD results in higher capacity fading compared to higher DOD cycling. The anode surface aged at 55 °C forms a dense cover on the graphite flakes, while at the anode surface aged at − 20 °C lithium plating and LiF crystals are observed. As expected, Fe dissolution from the cathode and deposition on the anode are observed for the ageing performed at 55 °C, while Fe dissolution and deposition are not observed at − 20 °C. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM), the surface conductivity is examined, which shows only minor degradation for the cathodes aged at − 20 °C. The cathodes aged at 55 °C exhibit micrometer size agglomerates of nanometer particles on the cathode surface. The results indicate that cycling at higher SOC ranges is more detrimental and low temperature cycling mainly affects the anode by the formation of plated Li.
Innovation und Qualität
(2020)
In dieser Masterarbeit mit dem Titel ISA als EZ – Die Notwendigkeit der
Auseinandersetzung mit (Post-)Kolonialismus wird ein theoretischer und empirischer
Einblick in den Bereich der ISA als EZ, dem (Post-)Kolonialismus und einer
Verknüpfung dieser Bereiche ermöglicht.
Ferner werden hierbei weitere relevante Aspekte (z.B. Rassismus, weiß-sein,
Privilegien) im Kontext postkolonialer Verhältnisse verdeutlicht. Dabei wird
verstärkt ein Bezug zu den nach wie vor bestehenden postkolonialen Strukturen
hergestellt und die weltweit bestehenden Ungleichheiten infolge des
(Post-)Kolonialismus in den Blick genommen. Zudem soll den globalen (ungleichen)
Verhältnissen mit Hilfe der Beschäftigung mit dieser Thematik entgegengewirkt
werden. Auch im Rahmen der Zusammenführung der ISA als EZ mit dem
(Post-)Kolonialismus sollen einerseits Chancen einer Auseinandersetzung und
andererseits die Relevanz und Potentiale der Profession in diesem Bereich aufgezeigt
werden. Insbesondere die stetige kritische Selbstreflexion von Sozialarbeiter*innen
bezüglich des eigenen weiß-seins und der Privilegien ist für eine professionelle und
rassismuskritische Haltung relevant. Diese Arbeit trägt im Kontext von globalen
postkolonialen Ungerechtigkeiten und Strukturen zu einer Sensibilisierung dieser
Verhältnisse bei, fördert ein kritisches Bewusstsein, löst Denkanstöße aus und macht
bestehende und neue Handlungsmöglichkeiten in Verbindung mit (Post-)Kolonialismus
kenntlich.
Interpretable neural networks based on continuous-valued logic and multicriteria decision operators
(2020)
Jugendhilfeplanung
(2020)
Julius hat heute seinen ersten Kindergartentag. Er lernt viele Tierkinder kennen, die unterschiedliche Stärken und Schwächen haben. Zusammen entdecken sie, wie toll es ist, dass jede und jeder etwas anderes gut kann. Beim gemeinsamen Musikmachen haben sie viel Spaß und stecken mit ihrer Freude andere zum Mitmachen an.
Ein Bilderbuch über Stärken und Schwächen und darüber wie gewinnbringend Vielfalt sein kann.
Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Entwicklung einer kamerabasierten Verkehrszeichenerkennung für ein autonom fahrendes Fahrzeug.
Dabei wird das neuronale Netz SSD-MobileNet-V1 verwendet, dessen Training ausschließlich mit virtuellen Trainingsdaten erfolgt. Zur Validierung wird ein autonom fahrendes Modellfahrzeug verwendet. Um die Verkehrszeichenerkennung auf dem Modellfahrzeug integrieren zu können, wird sie in Form eines ROS-Nodes implementiert, welcher außerdem die notwendige Vorverarbeitung der Kamerabilder sowie die Plausibilisierung der erkannten Verkehrszeichen beinhaltet. Es folgt die Integration der Verkehrszeichenerkennung in das Modellfahrzeug, wo sie auf einem NVIDIA Jetson TX2-Board ausgeführt wird.
Die entwickelte Verkehrszeichenerkennung ist in der Lage, 15 der 17 trainierten Verkehrszeichen zuverlässig zu erkennen und kann auf dem NVIDIA Jetson TX2-Board mit ausreichender Performance ausgeführt werden.
Klassiker der Hochschuldidaktik" als disziplinäre Ordnung für ein interdisziplinäres Arbeitsfeld
(2020)
Diese Arbeit möchte künstlerisches Arbeiten von und mit Menschen mit Demenz im Kontext Kultureller Bildung verorten und dabei eine Antwort auf die Frage versuchen, welche Konzepte geeignet sein könnten, eine theoretische Rahmung der entsprechenden Angebote zu leisten. Dazu soll der Frage nachgegangen werden, was die Demenz als eine besondere Lebenslage für Betroffene und ihre Angehörigen v.a. in Bezug auf ihre sozialen Bezüge bedeutet. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit liegt auf der Frage, welche Angebote im Bereich der Bildenden Kunst es für Menschen mit Demenz gibt. Dabei interessiert insbesondere, welche Rolle künstlerischer Praxis hinsichtlich der Lebenslage Demenz zukommen kann und welche Beweggründe Initiativen in diesem Bereich antreiben.
Damit verbunden ist das Anliegen, mit dieser Arbeit Impulse für eine Integration künstlerischer Praxis in die Soziale Arbeit mit Menschen mit Demenz zu vermitteln.
Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Entwicklung eines robusten Positionsschätzers. Die Positionsschätzung findet für einen mobilen Roboter statt, welcher autonom einen Rundkurs abfährt.
Mithilfe des von Thrun et al. entwickelte FastSLAM Ansatz wird ein Konzept zur Filterung der Position entwickelt. Geeignete Umweltinformationen werden für die kontinuierliche Korrektur ermittelt und beschrieben. Für die Korrektur wird die Charakteristik der Rennstrecke genutzt.
Durch eine Validierung des Konzepts wird die Funktionalität gezeigt und ein Einblick in die erforderliche Rechenleistung gegeben.
Lasst uns nicht alleine!
(2020)
In der vorliegenden Bachelorarbeit wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie die Sanktionen in der Grundsicherung für Arbeitssuchende aus der Perspektive der Sozialen Arbeit zu beurteilen sind. Dazu werden zunächst die Ursachen und Auswirkungen von Sanktionen auf Leistungsbeziehende betrachtet. Anschließend wird das Bild von Leistungsbeziehenden, das den Sanktionen zugrunde liegt, anhand der Gesetzesbegründung des vierten Hartz-Gesetzes und anhand gesellschaftlicher Diskurse über Leistungsbeziehende in den Blick genommen. Zuletzt wird die Rolle der Sozialen Arbeit im "aktivierenden Sozialstaat" thematisiert, es werden Konfliktlinien zwischen den Grundsätzen Sozialer Arbeit und dem Aktivierungsparadigma dargestellt und Strategien einer widerständigen Sozialen Arbeit aufgezeigt.
Hintergrund
Die Prävalenz von Mangelernährung im Krankenhaus ist hoch und wird in der Praxis noch häufig unterschätzt. Im Rahmen eines vom BMBF finanzierten Projektes soll diesem Problem mithilfe von Praxiskonzepten mit präventiven und kurativen Maßnahmen für die Zielgruppe geriatrischer Patient*innen begegnet werden.
Methodik
Zur Bestimmung der Ausgangslage hinsichtlich des Ernährungsmanagements und Feststellung der aktuellen Prävalenz von Mangelernährung in zwei Stuttgarter Kliniken wurden im Rahmen des nutritionDays® spezifische Daten erhoben und mit dem Schwerpunkt auf die Zielgruppe ältere Patient*innen ausgewertet.
Ergebnisse
Von 99 eingeschlossenen Patient*innen weisen 39,4% (n=39) ein Risiko für eine Mangelernährung auf, 41 Patient*innen (41,1 %) berichten von einem ungewollten Gewichtsverlust. Der Gewichtsverlust beträgt im Mittel 6,1 kg (SD 3,8) oder 9,7% (SD 5,1) des Körpergewichtes. Nur 19,4% (n=7) der Mangelernährten erhalten eine ernährungsmedizinische Intervention. Es zeigt sich für die Gruppe mit einem hohen Mangelernährungsrisiko ein verlängerter Klinikaufenthalt von 2,1 Tagen (nicht signifikant), ein signifikant geringerer BMI (-4,3 kg/m²; p=0,001), größerer Gewichtsverlust (-12,5% vs. -3,7%; p=0,001) sowie Gewichtsveränderungen in den letzten 5 Jahren (-7,6% vs.+1,2%; p=0,004). Der ungewollte Gewichtsverlust korreliert signifikant mit der Anzahl unterschiedlicher Medikamente (rs=0,397; p=0,029) und einer verringerten Nahrungsaufnahme in der Woche vor Klinikeinweisung (rs=-0,533; p=0,003).
Schlussfolgerung
Die hohe Prävalenz von Mangelernährung unter den älteren Patient*innen bei gleichzeitig ausbleibender Identifikation der Betroffenen führt zu einer unzureichenden Behandlung der Mangelernährung. Diese Defizite lassen sich mithilfe von nutritionDay® Erhebungen deutlich aufzeigen.
Diese Arbeit stellt einen Lösungsansatz
für das Erstellen einer Karte für autonome Systeme auf Grundlage von Objekten mit Lebenspunkten vor. Dafür werden von
den Sensoren erfasste Punkte mit einem DBSCAN verarbeitet,
um zusammenhängende Cluster zu finden. Diese Cluster werden
mit Lebenspunkten versehen, welche die Existenzplausibilität
widerspiegeln.
Due to the good mechanical properties, flax fiber-reinforced epoxy composites
are being widely used as a green alternative to glass fiber composites. However,
plant fibers absorb moisture from the environment, being in a higher moisture
uptake as the relative humidity (RH) increases. This absorbed moisture deteriorates the mechanical properties of the composites. In this study, geometric
and displacement potential function (DPF) approaches are used to predict the
mechanical properties of flax fiber-reinforced epoxy composites under environmental conditions, in particular, different RH values. The tensile properties
that were measured experimentally strongly agreed with the analytical findings.
Almost similar results were found for the tensile strain those were measured
experimentally and the one predicted by the geometric function.
However, the predicted strain values were 38% and 42% less than the experimental ones for 0% and 95% RH conditioned composites, respectively, when
DPF was used. Good conformity between the experimental, analytical, and
DPF formulation for predicting mechanical properties ensures the practical
applicability of this study. The formulations established in this work could,
therefore, be utilized to analytically solve laminated composites under specific
boundary conditions in structural applications.
Menschen wachsen lassen!
(2020)
Slips and stumbles are main causes of falls and result in serious injuries. Balance training is widely applied for preventing falls across the lifespan. Subdivided into two main intervention types, biomechanical characteristics differ amongst balance interventions tailored to counteract falls: conventional balance training (CBT) referring to a balance task with a static ledger pivoting around the ankle joint versus reactive balance training (RBT) using externally applied perturbations to deteriorate body equilibrium. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of reactive, slip-simulating RBT compared to CBT in regard to fall prevention and to detect neuromuscular and kinematic dependencies. In a randomized controlled trial, 38 participants were randomly allocated either to CBT or RBT. To simulate stumbling scenarios, postural responses were assessed to posterior translations in gait and stance perturbation before and after 4 weeks of training. Surface electromyography during short- (SLR), medium- (MLR), and long-latency response of shank and thigh muscles as well as ankle, knee, and hip joint kinematics (amplitudes and velocities) were recorded. Both training modalities revealed reduced angular velocity in the ankle joint (P < 0.05) accompanied by increased shank muscle activity in SLR (P < 0.05) during marching in place perturbation. During stance perturbation and marching in place perturbation, hip angular velocity was decreased after RBT (P from TTEST, Pt < 0.05) accompanied by enhanced thigh muscle activity (SLR, MLR) after both trainings (P < 0.05). Effect sizes were larger for the RBT-group during stance perturbation. Thus, both interventions revealed modified stabilization strategies for reactive balance recovery after surface translations. Characterized by enhanced reflex activity in the leg muscles antagonizing the surface translations, balance training is associated with improved neuromuscular timing and accuracy being relevant for postural control. This may result in more efficient segmental stabilization during fall risk situations, independent of the intervention modality. More pronounced modulations and higher effect sizes after RBT in stance perturbation point toward specificity of training adaptations, with an emphasis on the proximal body segment for RBT. Outcomes underline the benefits of balance training with a clear distinction between RBT and CBT being relevant for training application over the lifespan.
This study aid on numerical optimization techniques is intended for university undergraduate and postgraduate mechanical engineering students. Optimization procedures are becoming more and more important for lightweight design, where weight reduction can, for example in the case of automotive or aerospace industry, lead to lower fuel consumption and a corresponding reduction in operational costs as well as beneficial effects on the environment. Based on the free computer algebra system Maxima, the authors present procedures for numerically solving problems in engineering mathematics as well as applications taken from traditional courses on the strength of materials. The mechanical theories focus on the typical one-dimensional structural elements, i.e., springs, bars, and Euler–Bernoulli beams, in order to reduce the complexity of the numerical framework and limit the resulting design to a low number of variables. The use of a computer algebra system and the incorporated functions, e.g., for derivatives or equation solving, allows a greater focus on the methodology of the optimization methods and not on standard procedures.
The book also provides numerous examples, including some that can be solved using a graphical approach to help readers gain a better understanding of the computer implementation.
In this chapter, to investigate the tensile behavior of CNTs, finite element models of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in perfect and doped modes for common types of carbon nanotube (CNT) configuration, i.e., the armchair, zigzag, and chiral models, were generated using a commercial finite element software (MSC Marc). To create the computational models, nodes were placed at the locations of carbon atoms and the bonds between them were modeled using three-dimensional elastic generalized beam elements. Doped models were simulated by three different heteroatoms including silicon, nitrogen, and boron separately with the doping concentration ranging from 0 to 5%. Young’s moduli of all models were obtained and compared with the perfect structures. The results indicated that Young’s modulus of chiral SWCNTs is larger than the moduli of the armchair and zigzag SWCNTs in all models and incorporating the silicon and boron atoms into CNT led to a linear reduction in Young’s modulus which was most significant for silicon and less noticeable for boron. Regarding nitrogen doping, a different trend was observed that was a negligible and less conspicuous increment in the value of Young’s modulus by increasing the percentage of doping. Besides, this behavior was the same for all armchair, zigzag, and chiral configurations with the same dopant atom. The investigations also revealed that the structural irregularity and ripples, which are induced by dopant atoms, are a key factor which influences the tensile behavior of CNTs. Our results for Young’s modulus of doped CNTs are in good agreement with recent investigations.
Durch die Reduzierung der Wertschöpfungstiefe in vielen Unternehmen nehmen die Herausforderungen an das Qua-litätsmanagement in der Lieferkette stetig zu. Der Zuwachs an nationalen, aber auch internationalen Lieferanten lässt auch die Anzahl der Auditierungen, die notwendig sind, um diese Lieferanten zu qualifizieren und zu entwickeln, stetig steigen. In diesem Zusammenhang müssen Lösungs-ansätze entwickelt werden, um die notwendigen Ressour-cen optimal zu nutzen und die entstehenden Kosten mög-lichst gering zu halten. Obwohl der Begriff Audit auf audire, hören, zurückzuführen ist, ist das Sehen aber für uns Menschen von Zentraler Bedeutung. Mit heutiger Tech-nologie kann es, auch im Audit, aus der Distanz erfolgen. Dabei gilt es, einige technische, organisatorische und sozi-ale Voraussetzungen zu beachten.
OAFuser: Online Adaptive Extended Object Tracking and Fusion using automotive Radar Detections
(2020)
This paper presents the Online Adaptive Fuser: OAFuser, a novel method for online adaptive estimation of motion and measurement uncertainties for efficient tracking and fusion by applying a system of several estimators for ongoing noise along with the conventional state and state covariance estimation. In our system, process and measurement noises are estimated with steady-state filters to obtain combined measurement noise and process noise estimators for all sensors in order to obtain state estimation with a linear Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) estimator and accelerating the system’s performance. The proposed adaptive tracking and fusion system was tested based on high fidelity simulation data and several real-world scenarios for automotive radar, where ground truth data is available for evaluation. We demonstrate the proposed method’s accuracy and efficiency in a challenging, highly dynamic scenario where our system is benchmarked with Multiple Model filter in terms of error statistics and run time performance.
The characteristics and atomic mechanisms (physics) of processes of thermal desorption of deuterium from isotropic graphite at temperatures 700–1700 K are considered.
In our study, we consider the linear mixed initial boundary value problem for a porous elastic body having a dipolar structure. The equations that describe the elastic dipolar deformations are coupled with the equations which describe the evolution of the voids by means of certain coefficients. Our main result proves the continuous dependence of solutions for the mixed problem with regard to the coefficients which perform this coupling. Using an adequate measure, we can evaluate the continuous dependence by means of some estimate regarding the gradient of deformations and the gradient of the function that describes the evolution of the voids.
Development of environment-friendly natural fiber composites has been a recent trend. However, due to the fact that natural fibers permit high level of moisture absorption from the surroundings, it can lead to weak bindings and degradation of composite properties. This paper presents an experimental study on the dynamic performance of flax fiber composite beams manufactured at different relative humidity (RH) levels. Five types of flax fiber-reinforced composite materials were made under different RH values, i.e., dry, 35%, 50%, 70%, and 95% RH, and beam samples were prepared using the composite. Impact hammer testing was conducted to measure the natural frequencies and damping of the beams. It was found that for the first three modes, while the resonant frequencies are very close for most samples, there is a clear drop of frequencies for the composite fabricated at 95% RH. Along with an increase of the RH level, the damping ratios for all the three modes have reported a slight increase, but the variation is not significant.
Optimized production strategy of the major capsid protein HPV 16L1 non-assembly variant in E. coli
(2020)
The derivation and understanding of Partial Differential Equations relies heavily on the fundamental knowledge of the first years of scientific education, i.e., higher mathematics, physics, materials science, applied mechanics, design, and programming skills. Thus, it is a challenging topic for prospective engineers and scientists.
This volume provides a compact overview on the classical Partial Differential Equations of structural members in mechanics. It offers a formal way to uniformly describe these equations. All derivations follow a common approach: the three fundamental equations of continuum mechanics, i.e., the kinematics equation, the constitutive equation, and the equilibrium equation, are combined to construct the partial differential equations.