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Background:
Glaucoma, a characteristic type of optic nerve degeneration in the posterior pole of the eye, is a common cause of irreversible vision loss and the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. As an optic neuropathy, glaucoma is identified by increasing degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), with consequential vision loss. Current treatments only postpone the development of retinal degeneration, and there are as yet no treatments available for this disability. Recent studies have shown that replacing lost or damaged RGCs with healthy RGCs or RGC precursors, supported by appropriately designed bio-material scaffolds, could facilitate the development and enhancement of connections to ganglion cells and optic nerve axons. The consequence may be an improved retinal regeneration. This technique could also offer the possibility for retinal regeneration in treating other forms of optic nerve ailments through RGC replacement.
Methods:
In this brief review, we describe the innovations and recent developments in retinal regenerative medicine such as retinal organoids and gene therapy which are specific to glaucoma treatment and focus on the selection of appropriate bio-engineering principles, biomaterials and cell therapies that are presently employed in this growing research area.
Results:
Identification of optimal sources of cells, improving cell survival, functional integration upon transplantation, and developing techniques to deliver cells into the retinal space without provoking immune responses are the main challenges in retinal cell replacement therapies.
Conclusion:
The restoration of visual function in glaucoma patients by the RGC replacement therapies requires appropriate protocols and biotechnology methods. Tissue-engineered scaffolds, the generation of retinal organoids, and gene therapy may help to overcome some of the challenges in the generation of clinically safe RGCs.
Social work across the world has been shaped by prevailing political systems, their influence on the welfare system and hence the social work profession. This thesis examines how the social work profession evolved in South Africa focusing on the political transition from Apartheid to democracy. Particular interests of the research are the development of South African social workers professionalism regarding professional conduct and professional identity. Moreover, it brings out the manifold changes the profession had to undergo in the political transition and consequently the issues the social work profession deals with today.
For an efficient operation of a low voltage PMSM an optimized voltage usage is very important. Because of the relation between the low voltage and the high currents in this type of machine, a large voltage reserve is needed to compensate the influence of parameter mismatches and to guarantee a stable current control. As the power is limited by the low voltage in this type of hybrid drive systems, optimizing the voltage usage is also required to maximize the power and the torque availability. This paper describes a closed loop flux control to maximize the voltage usage. The controller feedback is used to estimate and maximize the available torque for each operating point.
For a low voltage IPMSM used in a hybrid drive system of a consumer car, it is of the highest importance to design a torque controller circuit that produces an accurate torque at the shaft. The accurate torque is needed to distribute the load between the combustion engine, or the manual break, and the electrical drive. As the capacitance of the batteries used in this type of car is usually very small, the control of the batteris state of charge and its output current is quite critical. Therefore, a precise torque control is elementary. Temperature changes have a large impact on the IPMSM internal parameters. Especially the permanent magnet flux and the stator resistance are affected by temperature changes. There are techniques to observe and calculate the temperature variation of these parameters. This contribution describes a method to handle the influence of temperature variation on the actual torque at the shaft, by correcting the current commands of the open loop controller.